| Solar panel | Solar panel are devices that change sunlight into electricity using solar cells. They are an eco-friendly and alternative energy source, minimizing reliance on carbon-based fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar energy collector is a apparatus that captures sunlight to generate heat, generally used for hot water production or room heating applications. It efficiently converts solar energy into thermal energy, decreasing reliance on conventional energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Sun-powered thermal energy harnesses solar radiation to generate heat, which can be used for water heating, space warming, or power generation. It is a renewable and renewable technology that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a picturesque seaside town in West Sussex County, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a charming blend of golden sands, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | The country of England is a historic and historic-influenced nation in the United Kingdom known for its rich cultural legacy, notable attractions, and lively urban areas like the capital. It boasts a diverse terrain of undulating terrain, old castles, and lively city hubs that blend heritage with contemporary advancements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Sunlight is the environmental light emitted by the star, essential for living organisms on Earth as it offers fuel for photosynthesis and affects climate and weather patterns. It also contributes to our well-being by synchronizing our circadian rhythms and enhancing vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electrical power is a form of power resulting from the flow of ions, primarily negatively charged particles. It drives countless devices and networks, facilitating modern life and technological advancements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight directly into electricity using photovoltaic panels composed of semiconductor materials. It is a renewable energy source that reduces reliance on non-renewable fuels and helps mitigate environmental impact. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are fundamental particles with a reversed electric charge that circulate around the nucleus of an atom, important for in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions determine the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | DC is the unidirectional stream of electric charge, usually produced by cell packs, power supplies, and solar cells. It provides a constant voltage or current, making it necessary for electronic devices and low-voltage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A battery is a unit that accumulates chemical energy and transforms it into current to power various electronic gadgets. It comprises multiple electrochemical units, each comprising electrode pairs divided by an ionic solution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | A photovoltaic system converts sunlight directly into power using photovoltaic panels made of solar cells. It is an green energy solution that reduces reliance on non-renewable energy sources and supports renewable energy production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A photovoltaic inverter is a device that converts direct current (DC) generated by solar panels into AC fit for household use and utility connection. It is essential for enhancing energy performance and providing safe, dependable electricity delivery from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | Alternating current is an electric current that changes polarity periodically, generally used in domestic and industrial power supplies. It permits efficient transmission of electricity over great lengths and is marked by its voltage and current waveforms, commonly sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A power management device is a device that controls the voltage and electric current coming from a solar panel to avoid batteries from excess charging and damage. It ensures efficient energy transfer and extends the lifespan of the battery bank. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A survey tool is a device used to ascertain the size, amount, or intensity of something accurately. It includes instruments like rulers, temperature sensors, and pressure gauges that provide accurate readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | An solar tracker is a system that instantaneously its orientation of solar panels to monitor the sun's movement throughout the day, increasing energy absorption. This technology enhances the efficiency of solar power systems by maintaining best sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Solar farms are massive plants that harness sunlight to create electricity using a multitude of solar panels. They supply a renewable and renewable energy power, cutting down reliance on fossil fuels and decreasing pollution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Rooftop solar power involves installing photovoltaic cells on building roofs to generate electricity from sunlight. This green energy source helps minimize reliance on fossil fuels and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | An grid-tied solar energy setup transforms sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a eco-friendly energy solution. It boosts energy efficiency and reduces reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to gain potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as CO2, methane, and N2O into the atmosphere, primarily from anthropogenic sources like burning fossil fuels and tree clearing. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A space-based solar power system is an artificial satellite equipped with photovoltaic panels that gather solar radiation and transform into electrical energy. This electricity is then beamed to the planet's surface for application as an eco-friendly power supply. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Residential energy storage solutions retain excess electricity generated from green sources or the grid for future use, improving energy self-sufficiency and effectiveness. These solutions generally use batteries to offer backup power, lower energy costs, and assist grid reliability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The chronology of solar panels chronicles the progress and advancements in solar power tech from the initial invention of the photovoltaic effect to modern high-efficiency solar panels. It features major innovations, including the creation of the original silicon solar cell in 1954 and ongoing innovations that have greatly enhanced power conversion and cost efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Edmond Becquerel was a Gallic physicist by profession noted for his pioneering work in the study of the photoelectric effect and glow. His experiments laid the groundwork for grasping how illumination interacts with certain substances to create electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Willoughby Smith was a UK electrical engineer and scientist known for finding out the photoconductivity of Se in 1873. His research laid the foundation for the development of the photo-sensitive device and advancements in early photographic and electronic technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | Selenium is an free framework used for automated testing of web browsers, allowing testers to mimic user interactions and verify web application functionalities. It supports various programming languages and browsers, making it a versatile tool for automated. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a UK physicist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of light and optical science, particularly the discovery of the polarization of light reflected from transparent materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic waves and the development of optical science. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was a an United States innovator who created the first working selenium solar cell in 1883. His pioneering work established the foundation for the current photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | A coal-powered power plant generates electricity by firing coal to produce steam that rotates turbines connected to generators. This process releases considerable amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an American scientist credited with identifying the solar cell and improving the understanding of semiconductors. His work formed the basis of modern solar power technology and the manufacture of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Laboratories is a famous research and development entity long-standing associated with AT&T, known for leading innovations in telecommunications, computing, and materials research. It has been the origin of countless groundbreaking inventions, including the semiconductor device and the laser. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a element with the symbol Si and 14, famous for its essential role in the fabrication of electronic devices and solar modules. It is a hard, fragile crystal material with a bluish-gray metallic luster, predominantly employed as a electronic component in the tech industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A compact inverter is a compact unit installed on each solar module to convert direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) on-site. This approach enhances system efficiency, facilitates improved performance oversight, and increases power output in solar energy setups. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A solar module is a device that transforms sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. It is often used in photovoltaic systems to supply a sustainable and renewable energy resource. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | A PV (photovoltaic) system transforms sunlight straight into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a renewable energy technology that provides eco-friendly power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | An photon serves as a elementary particle representing a packet of light and other electromagnetic radiation, carrying energy and momentum and energy without containing rest mass. It has a crucial role in the connections between matter and electromagnetic fields, facilitating phenomena including reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The photovoltaic effect is the mechanism by which specific substances transform sunlight directly into electricity through the generation of electron-hole pairs. This effect is the fundamental concept behind solar cell technology, allowing the harnessing of solar sunlight for energy creation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | A wafer in electronics is a fine slice of chip material, typically silicon, used as the substrate for fabricating integrated circuits. It functions as the foundational platform where integrated circuits are built through methods like doping, etching, and coating. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a highly pure form of silicon used predominantly in the manufacturing of solar cells and electronic components due to its excellent semiconductor properties. Its regular, systematic crystal lattice enables efficient electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Thin film solar cells are a type of solar energy technology characterized by their light, pliable configuration, and ability to be fabricated over extensive surfaces at a more affordable price. They use layers of semiconductor materials a few micrometers thick to transform sunlight into usable electricity efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the constant forces exerted by the weight of construction parts and stationary equipment, while live loads are transient forces such as users, fixtures, and external influences. Both are important considerations in engineering design to ensure safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits connect components in a line, so the same current flows through all devices, while parallel circuits connect components between the identical voltage source, permitting various paths for current. These arrangements influence the circuit's overall resistance, current distribution, and voltage reductions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electric power is the velocity at which electric power is transferred by an electrical circuit, mainly utilized for powering devices and appliances. It is generated through diverse origins such as fossil fuels, nuclear, and sustainable sources, and is essential for modern life. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A measure of power is a measure of energy transfer rate in the International System of Units, showing the speed of energy flow or transformation. It is equivalent to one unit of energy per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electrical pressure difference between two points, which drives the stream of electronic current in a circuit. It is measured in V and shows the power per single charge accessible to shift electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A volt is the derived unit of voltage, electric potential difference, and EMF in the International System of Units. It measures the potential energy per charge unit between two points in an circuit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electric current is the flow of electrical charge through a conductor, typically measured in A. It is necessary for energizing electronic gadgets and facilitating the functioning of electronic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Amp represents the unit of electrical current in the International System of Units, represented by A. It indicates the movement of electric charge through a circuit over a duration. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load indicates the level of electrical power or current demanded by appliances and electrical load in a circuit. It determines the design and capacity of power systems to maintain reliable and cost-effective energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A junction box is an electrical housing used to protect wire connections, providing a central point for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures structured and secure connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 plug is a conventional photovoltaic connector used to connect solar panels in a safe and dependable manner. It features a snap-in design with waterproof sealing, ensuring durability and optimal electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power provides a convenient and consistent method of supplying electrical energy to devices through common ports. It is commonly used for charging and energizing a extensive range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A power inverter is a device that changes DC from supplies like cells or photovoltaic arrays into AC suitable for household appliances. It allows the operation of standard electrical devices in locations where only direct current electricity is present. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | A battery pack is an collection of several individual batteries created to store and supply electrical energy for various devices. It provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Sun tracking devices automatically adjust the angle of solar modules to track the solar trajectory throughout the 24 hours, maximizing energy absorption. This innovation increases the efficiency of solar energy collection by keeping ideal solar array alignment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a approach used to maximize the energy production of photovoltaic systems by constantly tuning the operating point to correspond to the peak power point of the solar cells. This process ensures the most efficient power harvesting, especially under changing weather. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | An power optimizer is a device used in solar energy systems to maximize energy output by individually improving the performance of each solar panel. It increases overall system efficiency by cutting down on energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A photovoltaic performance monitor is a tool that tracks and examines the efficiency of solar power systems in instantaneous, offering valuable data on energy production and system status. It aids optimize solar power generation by spotting problems promptly and ensuring optimal performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Flexible solar cells are lightweight, adaptable photovoltaic devices made by depositing thin layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a cost-effective and flexible alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in multiple portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Solar cells convert sunlight directly into electricity through the photoelectric effect, making them a sustainable energy source. They are typically used in solar arrays to supply energy to homes, appliances, and complete solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a material composed of countless small silicon crystal structures, frequently used in photovoltaic panels and chip fabrication. Its manufacturing process involves melting and reforming silicon to create a pure, polycrystalline form suitable for electronic devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Mono silicon is a premium form of silicon with a uniform lattice framework, making it extremely capable for use in solar cells and electronic devices. Its consistent formation allows for enhanced electron flow, resulting in better performance compared to other silicon types. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | Cadmium telluride photovoltaics constitute a type of thin film solar technology that offers a cost-effective and high-performance solution for massive solar energy generation. They are recognized for their great absorption performance and moderately affordable manufacturing expenses in comparison with traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) solar cells are flexible photovoltaic devices that use a multi-layered compound of Cu, indium, gallium, and selenium to convert sunlight into energy efficiently. They are noted for their excellent light capturing efficiency, bendability, and possibility for lightweight, affordable solar energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Amorphous silicon is a non-ordered molecular structure, making it easier to handle and easier to deposit than crystalline silicon. It is frequently used in solar panels and electronic components due to its affordability and flexible characteristics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Next-generation photovoltaic modules aim to surpass traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing advanced materials and pioneering techniques such as multi-junction stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on optimizing energy conversion, lowering costs, and expanding applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-junction solar cells are innovative photovoltaic modules that utilize multiple p-n connections arranged in tandem to absorb a broader range of the solar spectrum, significantly increasing their efficiency. They are mainly applied in space applications and advanced solar power installations due to their excellent energy transformation capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Spacecraft solar arrays serve as crucial elements that transform solar radiation into electricity to operate onboard systems. Usually lightweight, long-lasting, and built for efficient operation in the demanding space environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are materials composed of two or more elements, typically involving a metal and a non-metallic element, used in high-frequency electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer enhanced performance in applications such as lasers, light-emitting diodes, and high-speed transistors compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | Gallium arsenide is a compound semiconductor known for its excellent electron mobility and performance in RF and optoelectronic applications. It is frequently used in components such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | CPV use lenses or mirrors to direct sunlight onto highly efficient multi-layer solar cells, substantially improving energy transformation efficiency. This technology is ideal for massive solar power plants in regions with direct sunlight, offering a economical solution for high-demand energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Ultralight silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its compact and pliant form factor. It offers a cost-effective alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in building-integrated photovoltaics and mobile energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS solar cell utilize a thin film of CIGS compound as the photovoltaic material, known for excellent energy conversion and flexibility. They offer a lightweight, cost-effective alternative to conventional silicon PV modules with great output in different weather scenarios. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film refers to a delicate layer of material, often measured in nanometers or micrometers, used in diverse technological applications. These films are important in electronics, optical systems, and coatings for their distinctive physical and chemical characteristics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Roof-mounted solar PV systems harness the sun's rays to generate electricity directly on building rooftops, providing a eco-friendly and cost-effective energy solution. They help decrease use of fossil fuels, reduce electricity bills, and contribute to green initiatives. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A layer of material is a sheet of material covering fractions of a nanometer to several micrometers in dimension, often coated on surfaces for functional applications. These coatings are used in multiple sectors, including electronics, optics, and medical applications, to modify surface characteristics or create specific device functionalities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nano units are measurement units equivalent to one-billionth of a meter, frequently used to describe extremely small distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are crucial in fields like nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for determining structures and particles at the nano level. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Measuring tools are accurate gauges used to exactly measure minute thicknesses or thicknesses, commonly in manufacturing and production. They feature a calibrated screw system that allows for exact readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon disc is a slender, disk-shaped section of silicon crystal used as the base for constructing semiconductor devices. It serves as the basic material in the manufacture of integrated circuits and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) solar cells are flexible photovoltaic devices known for their excellent performance and bendability, making them suitable for diverse applications. They utilize a multilayer layered semiconductor setup that turns sunlight directly into power with excellent efficiency in low-light conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Multi-crystalline silicon is a type of silicon used in solar panels, characterized by its many crystal grains that give it a mottled appearance. It is recognized for being cost-effective and having a moderately high efficiency in converting sunlight into electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Solar power setups convert solar energy directly into energy using photovoltaic cells, supplying a green energy source for household, industrial, and large-scale applications. They deliver a eco-friendly, renewable, and economical way to decrease reliance on fossil fuels and reduce carbon footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cell are a type of photovoltaic technology that uses perovskite-structured compounds as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cells have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is a solar energy device that converts sunlight into electricity using a light-sensitive dye to absorb light and produce electron flow. It offers a budget-friendly and versatile alternative to standard silicon-based solar cells, with possibility for transparent and thin applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot photovoltaic cells utilize nanos semiconductor particles to enhance light capture and conversion efficiency through quantum confinement effects. This technology offers the possibility for lower-cost, bendable, and highly efficient solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic PV cells are solar cells that employ carbon-based molecules, to transform sunlight into electricity. They are lightweight, bendable, and provide lower-cost, large-area solar energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS (Copper is a potential photovoltaic material used in thin-film solar cells due to its abundant and harmless elements. Its favorable photo-electronic properties make it an attractive option for sustainable photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics solar-integrated building systems seamlessly incorporate solar energy technology into the design of architectural elements, such as roofing, building exteriors, and glazing. This cutting-edge approach enhances energy efficiency while maintaining visual attractiveness and building integrity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency allows light to penetrate a material with minimal distortion, rendering objects behind easily seen. Translucency allows light to diffuse through, making detailed visibility obscured but still allowing shapes and light to transmit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Vehicle and building window film application involves the process of applying a thin film to the interior or exterior of vehicle or building glazing to cut down on glare, heat, and UV rays. It enhances privacy, improves energy efficiency, and provides a modern aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A collection of photovoltaic power stations details various large-scale solar energy installations around the planet, highlighting their power and positions. These facilities play a crucial role in renewable energy production and worldwide efforts to reduce carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Solar power facilities are extensive facilities that convert sunlight straight into electricity using photovoltaic panels. They are essential in renewable energy generation, cutting dependence on coal and oil, and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Environmental issues encompass a wide range of challenges such as contamination, climate change, and deforestation that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires collaborative action to promote eco-friendly methods and protect natural ecosystems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Renewable energy comes from natural sources that are renewably replenished, such as the sun, wind, and water. It offers a renewable option to fossil fuels, minimizing environmental harm and enhancing lasting energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Non-sustainable energy resources, such as coal, crude oil, and natural gas, are non-replenishable supplies formed over geological eras and are depleted when used. They are the primary power sources for power production and mobility but pose ecological and environmental and renewability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Electricity generation involves converting various energy sources such as coal, oil, and natural gas, nuclear power, and sustainable resources into electrical power. This process generally happens in electricity plants where turbines, alternators, and generators work together to produce power for distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are dense, harmful elements such as Pb, mercury, cadmium, and arsenide that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Solar-cell efficiency measures how efficiently a solar panel generates sunlight into usable electrical energy. Boosting this efficiency is essential for maximizing renewable energy output and cutting reliance on non-renewable resources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric effect occurs when radiation shining on a metallic surface ejects electronic particles from that surface, demonstrating the particle nature of light. This occurrence provided significant indication for the development of quantum mechanics by showing that light energy is discrete. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Accelerated life testing involves subjecting products to increased stresses to rapidly assess their durability and forecast their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps identify potential failures and boost product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The expansion of solar energy systems has sped up rapidly over the past ten-year period, driven by innovations and decreasing costs. This growth is transforming the world energy sector by increasing the portion of renewable solar power in power production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar refers to large solar power installations designed to generate electricity on a industrial scale, supplying power directly to the grid. These projects typically cover extensive areas and utilize PV modules or solar thermal systems to produce renewable energy efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A optical element is a transparent device that refracts light to focus or diverge rays, forming images. It is frequently used in instruments like camera units, glasses, and microscopes to control light for improved vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The incidence angle is the angle between an approaching light ray and the perpendicular line perpendicular to the surface at the point of contact. It determines how light behaves with the surface, influencing reflection and refraction behaviors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-reflective coating is a thin layer applied to lens surfaces to reduce glare and enhance light passage. It enhances the clarity and brightness of screens by cutting down on stray reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Destructive interference occurs when two waves meet in a manner that that their amplitude levels cancel each other out, leading to a decrease or complete elimination of the resultant wave. This occurrence usually happens when these waves are phase-shifted by 180 degrees. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | AC is a type of electrical flow that changes polarity, typically used in power supply systems. The electrical potential changes in a sinusoidal pattern as time progresses, permitting cost-effective transfer over large spans. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A individual inverter is a compact device used to change direct current (DC) from a single solar panel into alternating current (AC) suitable for domestic use. It improves system efficiency by optimizing power output at the module level and eases setup and upkeep. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | Alternating current power, or AC electrical energy, is electrical power delivered through a system where the potential difference and current periodically reverse orientation, enabling efficient transmission over extended ranges. It is commonly used in homes and factories to operate various appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A DC connector is a type of electrical connector used to deliver DC power from a power supply to an device. It usually consists of a tube-shaped plug and receptacle that guarantee a firm and dependable link for multiple electronic uses. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | Underwriters Laboratories is a worldwide security approval body that evaluates and certifies products to ensure they adhere to certain safety standards. It helps consumers and companies recognize trustworthy and protected products through thorough assessment and examination methods. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Serial circuits are electronic circuits in which elements are connected end-to-end, forming a single path for current. In this arrangement, the same electric current passes through all components, and the total voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel electrical circuits are electrical circuits where parts are connected across the same voltage source, offering multiple channels for current flow. This setup allows units to operate separately, with the total current distributed among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | A diode serves as a solid-state device that allows current to flow in a single sense only, functioning as a unidirectional valve for electrical current. It is used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in electronic networks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An car auxiliary power outlet is a socket, typically 12V, designed to provide electrical energy for different devices and attachments inside of a car. It permits users to recharge electronic devices or run small appliances while on the move. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a protocol for linking hardware to computing systems, facilitating data transfer and electric power. It backs a variety of devices such as input devices, mice, external storage devices, and smartphones, with multiple versions delivering increased speeds and upgraded performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency relates to the portion of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell converts into electrical energy. Enhancing this efficiency is essential to increasing energy generation and making solar power affordable and renewable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The National Renewable Energy Laboratory is a U.S. DOE federal research facility dedicated to R&D in renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies. It focuses on developments in solar, wind power, bioenergy, and other sustainable energy sources to promote a clean energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The EM spectrum encompasses the entire range of electromagnetic radiation, extending from radio signals to high-energy photons, each with diverse lengths and energy levels. This spectrum is essential for numerous technological applications and natural events, enabling communication, medical imaging, and comprehension of the universe. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | Ultraviolet light is a kind of electromagnetic radiation with a wave length shorter than visible light but longer than X-rays, primarily generated by the solar radiation. It plays a key role in processes like vitamin D production but can also lead to skin harm and photoaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a type of electromagnetic wave with extended wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Monochromatic refers to a color design based on variations of a single hue, using various shades, tints, and tones to create balance and connexion. This layout approach emphasizes simplicity and sophistication by maintaining uniform color elements throughout a layout. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Irradiance refers to the power of electromagnetic radiation per unit area incident on a surface, typically measured in watts/m². It is a important parameter in disciplines including solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, demonstrating the intensity of sunlight reaching a particular zone. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | watts per square meter is a measurement unit used to quantify the strength of energy or energy flow received or emitted over a particular area, frequently in disciplines including meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It assists with comprehending the distribution and transfer of energy across surfaces, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the extent of diverse colors or wavebands of electromagnetic radiation, visible or alternatively. It is often used to illustrate the dispersion of light or signal frequencies in different scientific and technological areas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An airmass is a big volume of atmosphere with comparatively even temp and dampness features, deriving from from particular starting regions. These air masses impact weather patterns and air conditions as they pass through diverse areas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Solar irradiance is the measure of the power per unit area received from the Sun in the type of solar rays. It changes with solar activity and Earth's weather systems, influencing climate and meteorological phenomena. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Contamination in solar power refers to the collection of dirt, and other particles on the surface of solar arrays, which reduces their efficiency. Routine maintenance and servicing are necessary to minimize energy waste and guarantee optimal efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage represents the maximum voltage available from a power source when no current is flowing, taken across its terminals. It indicates the potential difference of a device when it has been disconnected from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current refers to the peak electrical current that flows through a circuit when a short connection, or short circuit, happens, bypassing the normal load. It presents a major safety hazard and can cause damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (W_peak) is a measure of the highest power generation of a solar array under optimal sunlight conditions. It reflects the array's peak capacity to generate electricity in typical testing environments . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A Volt meter is an electronic device used to check the electrical potential between two points in a circuit. It is commonly used in numerous electrical and electronic setups to maintain proper electrical potential | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a problem in photovoltaic modules where high voltage stress causes a substantial reduction in power generation and efficiency. It occurs due to leakage currents and ion migration within the solar cell materials, leading to performance decline over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron is a metalloid chemical element crucial for plant growth and applied in different industrial applications, such as glassmaking and chip manufacturing. It exhibits distinctive chemical properties that cause it beneficial in producing long-lasting, heatproof materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A photovoltaic mounting system securely supports solar panels, ensuring perfect tilt and orientation for maximum sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand external conditions while providing a robust and durable foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A solar-powered power plant captures sunlight using vast collections of photovoltaic modules to generate renewable electricity. It provides an eco-friendly energy source, diminishing reliance on fossil fuels and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the combined method of employing land for both solar energy output and agriculture, making the most of space and resources. This strategy enhances crop production while concurrently generating renewable energy, promoting sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial solar panels are photovoltaic devices capable of capturing sunlight on both sides, boosting overall energy production. They are commonly positioned in a way that allows for increased efficiency by leveraging albedo effect and bounced sunlight from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A solar-powered canopy is a structure that provides shade while creating electricity through built-in solar panels. It is commonly installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to merge environmental benefits with practical design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar panel setup is a group of multiple photovoltaic modules designed to generate electricity from sunlight. It is commonly used in green energy setups to deliver renewable, renewable power for multiple applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A patio cover is a construction that delivers shade and cover from the elements for exterior areas. It improves the practicality and visual charm of a terrace, making it a cozy space for leisure and entertainment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The angle measured from directly overhead is the measurement between the upright line directly overhead and the line of sight to a celestial object. It is employed in astronomy and meteorology to describe the position of bodies in the sky relative to an spectator. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The azimuth angle is a azimuth measured clockwise a reference direction, typically true north, to the line between an viewer to a destination. It is commonly used in navigation, surveying, and celestial observation to define the direction of an object relative to the observer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Installing solar panels exposes workers to risks such as fall hazards and electric shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to severe weather and potential muscle strains pose significant occupational hazards of solar panel installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | Cadmium telluride is a semiconductor substance commonly employed in thin film solar panels due to its excellent performance and affordability. It exhibits outstanding optical properties, making it a common option for photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | An directory of photovoltaics companies showcases the top manufacturers and suppliers specializing in solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions worldwide. These companies play a crucial role in promoting solar energy integration and advancement across various markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A gigawatt is a quantity of energy output equal to one billion watts, used to measure massive electricity production and utilization. It is generally associated with generating stations, national grids, and significant energy projects worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | First Solar Inc is a worldwide leader in photovoltaic (PV) power solutions, focused on producing thin-film solar cells that deliver high-performance and affordable power output. The firm is focused on sustainable energy development and reducing the world's reliance on fossil fuels through advanced solar technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology focuses in smoothly linking various components of factory and automated systems to improve productivity and trustworthiness. It focuses on creating advanced solutions that promote seamless communication and interoperability among diverse tech platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic is an top China's firm specializing in the manufacturing and development of photovoltaic photovoltaic items and systems. It is known for its advanced technology and green energy projects in the renewables industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a unit of energy equal to 1,000,000,000 watts, often employed to represent the potential of massive power production or usage. It emphasizes the vast energy magnitude involved in contemporary power infrastructure and technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Knowledge curve effects refer to the phenomenon where the cost per unit of production decreases as overall production grows, due to learning curve and efficiencies obtained over time. This effect highlights the value of accumulated experience in cutting expenses and improving productivity in industrial processes and other operations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Solar energy transform sunlight immediately into electricity using semiconductor substances, primarily silicon. This technology is a clean, renewable energy source that assists cut down reliance on fossil fuels and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the price of generating solar or wind energy becomes equal to or lower than the cost of purchasing power from the electric grid. Achieving Grid parity signifies that green energy technologies are cost-effectively competitive with fossil fuel-based coal, oil, natural gas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity acts as the main electrical power supplied to houses and companies through a network of power lines, offering a consistent source of energy for numerous appliances. It generally operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, depending on the region, and is transmitted through alternating current. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) includes all parts of a solar power system except the photovoltaic panels, comprising inverters, racking, wiring, and additional electrical hardware. It is crucial for guaranteeing the effective and consistent operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | Solar energy is absorbed from the sun's rays using PV panels to generate electricity or through thermal solar systems to produce heat. It is a sustainable, sustainable, and planet-friendly source of power that decreases dependence on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are in home, commercial, and factory sites to produce clean, eco-friendly electricity from sunlight. They also drive remote and off-grid locations, offering sustainable energy solutions where conventional power grids are not accessible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A catalog of sun-powered products features a range of gadgets that utilize sunlight to convert energy, encouraging environmentally friendly and sustainable living. These solutions include everything from solar energy units and lights to appliances and outdoor tools, providing versatile options for energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | An photovoltaic power station is a plant that converts sunlight directly into electricity using photovoltaic panels. It is a green energy source that aids in decreasing reliance on fossil fuels and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems integrate solar panels with other energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to provide a reliable and efficient power supply. They maximize energy use by managing renewable resources and backup options, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and reducing overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | CPV use optical lenses or reflectors to focus sunlight on advanced photovoltaic cells, considerably increasing energy capture from a compact footprint. This method works well in areas with direct, strong sunlight and offers a viable solution to reducing the cost of. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
