| Solar panel | Solar array act as devices that convert sunlight into using PV cells. They serve as an environmentally friendly and alternative energy source, decreasing reliance on non-renewable energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar thermal collector is a system that absorbs sunlight to convert heat, typically used for water heating or space heating applications. It efficiently converts solar energy into thermal energy, reducing reliance on traditional energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Solar thermal energy harnesses solar radiation to generate thermal energy, which can be used for hot water production, indoor heating, or electricity generation. It is a renewable and sustainable technology that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a scenic seaside town in West Sussex, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a charming blend of sandy beaches, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | The country of England is a historic country in the United Kingdom known for its rich cultural heritage, famous sights, and bustling cities like London. It boasts a varied landscape of gentle slopes, historic forts, and bustling urban centers that blend history with modern innovation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Daylight is the natural light emitted by the star, crucial for existence on Earth as it supplies energy for photosynthesis and influences climate and weather patterns. It also contributes to our well-being by synchronizing our circadian rhythms and increasing vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electricity is a type of energy generated by the motion of ions, primarily electrons. It drives numerous appliances and systems, facilitating contemporary living and technological advancements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Solar technology converts solar radiation directly into electricity using photovoltaic panels composed of semiconductor materials. It is a sustainable power source that reduces reliance on non-renewable fuels and helps mitigate ecological footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are fundamental particles with a opposite electric charge that surround the nucleus of an atom, playing a key role in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions influence the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | DC is the unidirectional flow of electric charge, usually produced by battteries, power sources, and photovoltaic cells. It provides a consistent voltage or current, rendering it crucial for electronic devices and low-voltage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A power source is a unit that holds chemical energy and transforms it into current to run various electronic gadgets. It comprises one or more electrochemical cells, each containing electrode pairs divided by an ionic solution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | An photovoltaic system converts solar radiation directly into electricity using photovoltaic panels made of solar cells. It is an environmentally friendly power option that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and promotes renewable power generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A solar power converter is a device that converts DC created by solar panels into alternating current (AC) fit for home use and grid integration. It is essential for enhancing energy performance and guaranteeing reliable, reliable energy output from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | AC is an electric current that reverses direction periodically, typically used in residential and commercial power supplies. It permits optimal transmission of electricity over extended spans and is characterized by its voltage and current waveforms, commonly sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A charge controller is a device that manages the voltage level and current coming from a solar panel to avoid batteries from overcharging and harm. It provides efficient energy transfer and prolongs the lifespan of the battery array. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A measuring instrument is a tool used to measure the dimension, amount, or level of something accurately. It includes tools like rulers, temperature sensors, and barometers that provide accurate readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | An solar tracker is a system that automatically its orientation of solar panels to follow the sun's movement during the day, maximizing energy absorption. This innovation improves the efficiency of solar power systems by maintaining maximum sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Solar farms are huge plants that utilize sunlight to generate electricity using many solar panels. They supply a renewable and sustainable energy power, cutting down reliance on carbon-based fuels and reducing pollution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Roof-mounted solar energy involves installing photovoltaic cells on roofs of buildings to produce electricity from sunlight. This renewable energy source helps cut down on reliance on non-renewable fuels and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | An grid-tied photovoltaic system converts sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a sustainable energy solution. It improves energy efficiency and reduces reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to gain potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as CO2, methane, and N2O into the atmosphere, primarily from anthropogenic sources like burning fossil fuels and deforestation. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, leading to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A space-based solar power system is an spacecraft equipped with solar arrays that absorb sunlight and transform into electrical energy. This energy is then transmitted wirelessly to our planet for use as a clean, renewable power source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Home power storage systems save excess power generated from renewable energy or the grid for later use, enhancing energy independence and efficiency. These systems generally use batteries to provide backup power, cut down energy costs, and aid grid stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The chronology of solar panels tracks the development and improvements in solar power tech from the beginning invention of the photovoltaic effect to modern high-efficiency solar arrays. It features key innovations, including the development of the original silicon solar cell in 1954 and persistent advances that have significantly enhanced power transformation and cost-effectiveness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Becquerel was a French-born physicist noted for his groundbreaking work in the study of the solar effect and luminescent phenomena. His tests laid the basis for understanding how radiation interacts with particular substances to produce electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Smith was a UK electrician and scientist known for finding out the photoconductivity of selenium in 1873. His research formed the basis for the development of the photo-sensitive device and advancements in early photographic and electronic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | Selenium is an open-source framework used for automating web browsers, allowing testers to simulate user interactions and verify web application functionalities. It supports multiple programming languages and browsers, making it a flexible tool for test automation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a British scientist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of luminescence and optical science, particularly the discovery of the polarization effect of luminescence reflected from clear materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic waves and the development of optics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was an United States innovator who created the first working selenium solar cell in 1883. His pioneering work established the basis for the contemporary photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | A coal-fired power plant generates electricity by burning coal to produce vapor that drives turbines connected to generators. This process releases considerable amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an United States scientist credited with discovering the solar cell and enhancing the understanding of semiconductors. His work paved the way for modern solar power technology and the development of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Laboratories is a renowned R&D organization long-standing associated with AT&T, known for pioneering innovations in telecommunications, computing, and materials science. It has been the source of many groundbreaking inventions, including the semiconductor device and the laser technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a element with the symbol Si and 14, famous for its crucial role in the manufacturing of electronic devices and solar panels. It is a solid, fragile crystalline substance with a bluish-gray shine, primarily used as a semiconductor in the technology sector. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A compact inverter is a little component installed on each solar panel to convert direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) on-site. This method improves system effectiveness, allows for better system tracking, and boosts energy yield in photovoltaic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A photovoltaic cell is a component that converts sunlight directly into electricity through the photoelectric effect. It is often used in photovoltaic systems to supply a green and sustainable energy power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | A PV (photovoltaic) system converts sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a renewable energy technology that provides renewable power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | A photon serves as a fundamental particle that represents a unit of light as well as other electromagnetic radiation, carrying with it energy and momentum and energy without having rest mass. It has a crucial role in the interactions between matter and electromagnetic fields, allowing phenomena including reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The photovoltaic effect is the mechanism by which certain materials transform sunlight directly into electricity through the production of electron-hole pairs. This effect is the fundamental concept behind solar panel systems, enabling the capturing of solar solar power for electricity production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | A wafer in electronics is a thin slice of chip material, typically silicon, used as the substrate for creating integrated circuits. It serves as the primary platform where microprocessors are built through methods like doping, etching, and lamination. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a highly pure form of silicon used primarily in the manufacturing of solar panels and electronic components due to its outstanding semiconductor properties. Its structured, orderly crystal lattice enables efficient electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Flexible solar cells are a type of solar energy technology characterized by their light, flexible design, and ability to be produced on large surfaces at a more affordable price. They use strata of semiconductor substances just several micrometers in thickness to effectively turn sunlight into electrical energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the constant forces exerted by the weight of building components and fixed equipment, while live loads are transient forces such as people, furnishings, and external influences. Both are essential considerations in structural design to ensure safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits connect components in a line, so the identical current flows through all devices, while parallel circuits join components between the identical voltage source, allowing multiple paths for current. These layouts influence the circuit's overall resistance, current allocation, and voltage reductions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electric power is the speed at which electricity flows by an electric circuit, primarily used to operate devices and appliances. It is generated through diverse origins such as carbon-based fuels, nuclear, and green energy, and crucial for today's lifestyle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A watt is a unit of energy conversion in the SI system, representing the rate of energy movement or conversion. It is equal to one joule per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electric pressure difference between two points, which drives the flow of electric current in a circuit. It is measured in volts and indicates the work per individual charge accessible to move electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A electromotive force is the base unit of voltage, potential difference, and voltage in the International System of Units. It measures the voltage per unit charge between points in an electrical circuit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electric current is the flow of electricity through a metal wire, commonly measured in amps. It is necessary for energizing electronic equipment and facilitating the working of electronic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Ampere serves as the measure of electrical current in the SI units, represented by A. It indicates the movement of electrical charge through a circuit over a time span. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load refers to the level of electrical power or current demanded by appliances and electrical load in a circuit. It determines the layout and size of power systems to maintain safe and cost-effective energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A electrical box is an electrical enclosure used to safely house wire connections, providing a core for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures organized and reliable connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 is a conventional photovoltaic connector used to connect solar panels in a reliable and trustworthy manner. It features a snap-in design with waterproof sealing, ensuring durability and optimal electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power provides a convenient and consistent method of providing electrical energy to devices through standard ports. It is commonly used for powering and feeding a extensive range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A power converter is a instrument that changes direct current (DC) from supplies like accumulators or photovoltaic arrays into AC suitable for household appliances. It allows the use of standard electrical devices in environments where only DC power is available. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | A battery pack is an collection of numerous individual batteries assembled to store and supply electrical energy for multiple devices. This provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Sun tracking devices automatically adjust the position of solar panels to monitor the sun’s path throughout the 24 hours, maximizing power intake. This innovation increases the effectiveness of photovoltaic energy harvesting by ensuring optimal panel positioning. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a approach used to maximize the energy production of photovoltaic systems by constantly tuning the operating point to correspond to the peak power point of the solar cells. This procedure ensures the most efficient energy extraction, especially under changing weather. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | An power optimizer functions as a device used in solar energy systems to maximize energy output by individually tailored improving the performance of each solar panel. It improves overall system efficiency by minimizing energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A solar power performance monitor is a device that tracks and examines the efficiency of solar panel systems in instantaneous, delivering valuable data on power output and system condition. It assists optimize solar power generation by spotting issues early and guaranteeing maximum efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Lightweight solar cells are lightweight, versatile photovoltaic devices made by depositing slim layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a economical and multi-functional alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in various portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Photovoltaic cells convert sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect, making them a renewable energy source. They are commonly used in photovoltaic modules to generate electricity for homes, appliances, and complete solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a substance composed of numerous minute silicon crystal structures, frequently used in photovoltaic panels and semiconductor manufacturing. Its creation involves fusing and recrystallizing silicon to generate a pure, polycrystalline form fit for electronic devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Mono silicon is a high-purity variant of silicon with a uniform lattice structure, making it extremely capable for use in solar panels and electronics. Its uniform framework allows for better electron transfer, resulting in better functionality compared to other silicon types. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | CdTe photovoltaics represent a type of thin film solar technology that presents a affordable and efficient alternative for extensive solar energy harvesting. They are recognized for their high absorption efficiency and moderately reduced manufacturing expenses in comparison with traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | CuInGaSe2 solar cells are flexible solar devices that employ a multi-layered compound of copper, In, gallium, and Se to convert sunlight into electricity efficiently. They are known for their high absorption efficiency, bendability, and capability for lightweight, affordable solar energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Amorphous form of silicon is a non-ordered molecular configuration, making it more flexible and simpler to apply than crystalline silicon. It is frequently used in solar panels and electronic components due to its affordability and versatile features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Advanced-generation photovoltaic cells aim to surpass traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing advanced materials and pioneering techniques such as multi-junction stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on enhancing energy conversion, reducing costs, and broadening applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-structured solar cells are cutting-edge photovoltaic modules that employ various p-n connections stacked together to capture a more extensive spectrum of the solar spectrum, greatly boosting their efficiency. They are primarily applied in space applications and high-efficiency solar power systems due to their excellent energy conversion capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Solar panels on spacecraft serve as crucial elements that generate sunlight into electric power to operate onboard systems. Generally lightweight, durable, and designed to operate efficiently in the demanding space environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are materials composed of several elements, typically involving a metal component and a non-metallic component, used in high-speed electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer superior performance in applications such as laser devices, light-emitting diodes, and high-speed transistors compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | GaAs is a compound semiconductor known for its excellent electron mobility and efficiency in high-speed and optoelectronic applications. It is commonly used in devices such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | CPV employ lenses or mirrors to direct sunlight onto very efficient multi-layer solar cells, substantially improving energy conversion efficiency. This technology is ideal for large-scale solar power plants in zones with sunny sunlight, offering a cost-effective solution for intensive energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Flexible silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its compact and flexible form factor. It offers a affordable alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in BIPV and portable energy devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS photovoltaic cell utilize a delicate coating of copper indium gallium selenide as the light-absorbing layer, known for excellent energy conversion and adaptability. They offer a easy-to-handle, cost-effective alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels with excellent performance in different weather scenarios. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film refers to a slender layer of material, often measured in nanometers or micrometers, used in diverse technological applications. These films are important in electronics, optical systems, and coatings for their particular physical and chemical characteristics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Roof-mounted solar PV systems harness solar energy to generate electricity directly on structure roofs, providing a renewable and cost-effective energy solution. They help cut down dependence on fossil fuels, lower electricity bills, and contribute to eco-preservation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A thin film is a layer of compound ranging from tiny nanometric scales to a few microns in depth, often coated on surfaces for functional applications. These coatings are used in various industries, including electronic devices, optical technologies, and healthcare, to change surface traits or engineer certain device functions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nanometers are units of measurement equivalent to one-billionth of a meter, often utilized to depict minuscule distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are essential in fields like nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for gauging structures and particles at the nanoscale. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Measuring tools are accurate measuring instruments used to precisely measure minute thicknesses or depths, generally in machining and fabrication. They feature a adjusted screw system that allows for precise readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon slice is a slender, circular segment of silicon crystal used as the platform for fabricating semiconductor devices. It acts as the core material in the creation of microchips and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | Copper indium gallium selenide-based solar panels are compact photovoltaic devices famous for their excellent performance and adaptability, ideal for diverse applications. They utilize a layered semiconductor structure that transforms sunlight straight into electricity with remarkable efficiency in low-light environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Multi-crystalline silicon silicon is a kind of silicon used in solar cells, characterized by its multiple crystal grains that give it a speckled appearance. It is recognized for being cost-effective and having a relatively high efficiency in turning sunlight into energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Solar PV systems convert sun rays directly into electricity using photovoltaic cells, providing a sustainable energy source for household, industrial, and grid applications. They offer a clean, renewable, and cost-effective way to decrease reliance on fossil fuels and lower CO2 emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cells are a type of photovoltaic technology that uses perovskite-structured compounds as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cells have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A photo-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is a solar energy device that turns sunlight into electricity using a photosensitive dye to capture light and produce electron flow. It offers a cost-effective and versatile alternative to conventional silicon-based solar cells, with potential for transparent and portable applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot solar cell cells utilize nanos semiconductor particles to enhance light capture and energy conversion through quantum size effects. This approach offers the possibility for cost-effective, flexible, and highly efficient solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic photovoltaic devices are solar cells that employ carbon-based molecules, to turn sun's energy into electrical power. They are lightweight, flexible, and offer the potential for lower-cost, extensive solar energy applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS Cu) Zinc Tin Sulfide is a potential photovoltaic material used in thin-film solar cells due to its abundant and non-toxic elements. Its superior optoelectronic properties make it an attractive substitute for sustainable photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics solar-integrated building systems seamlessly incorporate solar power systems into the design of construction components, such as rooftops, building exteriors, and fenestration. This modern approach enhances power savings while maintaining design elegance and structural functionality. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency permits light to pass through a material with minimal distortion, making objects behind clearly visible. Translucency allows light to diffuse through, obscuring detailed visibility but still allowing shapes and light to penetrate. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Window film installation involves the process of applying a transparent film to the inside or outside of vehicle or building windows to reduce glare, heat, and UV radiation. It boosts privacy, increases energy efficiency, and provides a sleek aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A catalog of solar power stations overview various large-scale solar energy installations around the globe, highlighting their power and locations. These plants function a important role in renewable energy generation and global efforts to lower carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Photovoltaic energy plants are extensive installations that convert sunlight directly into electricity using solar modules. They play a vital role in clean energy production, cutting dependence on fossil fuels, and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Eco concerns encompass a wide range of problems such as contamination, climate change, and deforestation that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires collective efforts to promote eco-friendly methods and protect natural ecosystems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Renewable energy comes from natural sources that are constantly replenished, such as solar radiation, wind, and hydroelectric power. It offers a renewable option to fossil fuels, reducing environmental harm and promoting lasting energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Fossil fuels, such as bituminous coal, crude oil, and methane, are non-replenishable supplies formed over geological eras and are consumed when used. They are the primary power sources for electricity generation and transportation but pose ecological and environmental and long-term viability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Power production involves converting various energy sources such as carbon-based fuels, nuclear power, and green energy into electrical energy. This process usually takes place in electricity plants where rotating machinery and generators work together to produce electric current for power distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are thick, poisonous elements such as Pb, quicksilver, cadmium, and arsenic that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Solar panel effectiveness measures how effectively a solar panel converts sunlight into convertible energy. Improving this Solar-cell efficiency is essential for optimizing renewable energy production and reducing reliance on non-renewable resources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric phenomenon occurs when radiation shining on a metal surface ejects electrons from that surface, demonstrating the particle nature of light. This phenomenon provided critical proof for the development of quantum theory by showing that photon energy is quantified. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Accelerated life testing involves exposing products to increased stresses to speedily determine their durability and predict their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps detect potential failures and improve product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The increase of solar panels has quickened rapidly over the past decade, driven by technological progress and decreasing costs. This growth is revolutionizing the world energy sector by raising the percentage of clean solar power in electricity generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar refers to large solar power plants intended to generate electricity on a business scale, supplying power directly to the grid. These sites typically cover extensive areas and utilize PV modules or thermal solar systems to produce renewable energy efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A optic is a transparent component that refracts light to converge or spread out rays, producing images. It is often used in devices like camera units, glasses, and microscopes to control light for improved vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The angle of incidence is the angle between an approaching light ray and the perpendicular line perpendicular to the surface at the contact point. It controls how light behaves with the surface, affecting reflection and refraction properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-glare coating is a thin layer applied to lens surfaces to cut down on glare and increase light flow. It boosts the clarity and illumination of lenses by reducing undesirable reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Negative interference occurs when a couple of waves meet in a manner that that their wave heights negate each other, causing a decrease or total eradication of the resultant waveform. This phenomenon generally happens when the waves are not in phase by pi radians. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | Alternating current is a type of electrical flow that changes polarity, commonly employed in electrical distribution networks. The voltage fluctuates sinusoidally throughout its cycle, enabling efficient transmission across extensive ranges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A microinverter is a compact component used to convert DC from a single solar module into AC suitable for household use. It enhances system performance by maximizing power output at the module level and eases installation and maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | Alternating current power, or AC power, is electrical power delivered through a network where the potential difference and electric flow periodically reverse orientation, enabling efficient transmission over extended ranges. It is commonly used in homes and factories to operate different appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A DC plug is a kind of electrical connector used to supply DC energy from a power supply to an device. It typically consists of a round plug and receptacle that guarantee a firm and trustworthy link for different electronic purposes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | Underwriters Laboratories is a worldwide security validation agency that tests and approves products to confirm they comply with particular safety standards. It assists consumers and companies recognize trustworthy and protected products through strict assessment and testing processes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Series-connected circuits are electrical circuits in which parts are connected end-to-end, forming a single path for current flow. In this arrangement, the identical current passes through all components, and the sum voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel circuits are electronic circuits where components are connected across the same voltage source, providing multiple channels for current flow. This setup allows units to operate autonomously, with the total current split among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | A diode acts as a electronic device that permits current to move in one sense exclusively, acting as a unidirectional valve for electrical current. It is used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in electrical circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An car auxiliary power outlet is a connection, typically 12 volt, created to supply electrical energy for various devices and add-ons inside a car. It permits users to charge electronic gadgets or run small appliances while on the journey. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a technology for linking peripherals to computers, enabling data transmission and electric power. It supports a broad spectrum of hardware such as keyboards, mouses, external storage, and cell phones, with different generations providing higher speeds and upgraded functionality. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency refers to the percentage of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell turns into usable energy. Boosting this efficiency is essential to increasing energy generation and making solar power economical and renewable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The NREL is a U.S. DOE national laboratory dedicated to research and development in green energy and energy conservation technologies. It is committed to advancing innovations in solar power, wind power, biomass energy, and additional renewable sources to support a sustainable energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The EM spectrum encompasses every kind of EM radiation, extending from radio signals to high-energy photons, featuring varied wavelengths and energies. This band is crucial to many technologies and natural phenomena, enabling signal transmission, healthcare imaging, and insight into the outer space. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | UV light is a kind of EM radiation with a wavelength shorter than visible light but longer than X ray radiation, primarily emitted by the sun. It serves a key role in processes like vitamin D production but can also cause skin injury and photoaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a form of electromagnetic wave with extended wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Single-hued refers to a color scheme based on variations of a sole hue, using various shades, tints, and tones to create balance and connexion. This design approach emphasizes clarity and elegance by maintaining uniform color elements throughout a composition. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Irradiance refers to the power of electromagnetic radiation per unit area incident on a surface, usually measured in watts per square meter. It is a crucial parameter in fields such as solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, demonstrating the intensity of sunlight reaching a particular zone. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | W/m2 is a unit of measurement used to measure the intensity of power or energy flow received or emitted over a particular area, commonly in disciplines including meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It aids in comprehending the spread and movement of radiation across surfaces, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the span of diverse hues or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, visible or alternatively. It is often used to describe the spread of light or signal frequencies in multiple scientific and technological fields. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An air mass is a large body of air's with fairly even temperature and dampness features, deriving from from specific origin zones. These airmass influence weather patterns and air conditions as they travel over various zones. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Solar irradiance is the assessment of the power per square kilometer received from the solar source in the type of electromagnetic radiation. It varies with solar cycles and atmospheric factors on Earth, influencing climate and local weather. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Soiling in solar energy refers to the buildup of dirt, and other particles on the panels of solar panels, which reduces their output. Regular cleaning and servicing are important to minimize energy loss and ensure maximum operation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage refers to the maximum voltage accessible from a power source when there is no current, taken across its terminals. It represents the potential difference of a device when it is disconnected from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current refers to the highest electrical current that passes through a circuit when a reduced resistance connection, or short circuit, happens, skipping the normal load. It creates a major safety hazard and can result in damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (Wp) is a measure of the maximum power capacity of a solar array under optimal sunlight conditions. It indicates the module's peak capacity to produce electricity in standard testing conditions . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A electrical potential meter is an electronic device used to check the potential difference between separate points in a electronic circuit. It is frequently utilized in different electrical and electronic fields to ensure proper voltage levels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a occurrence in solar modules where high voltage stress causes a significant reduction in power generation and performance. It occurs due to leakage current and ion transfer within the photovoltaic materials, leading to performance decline over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron serves as a semi metallic chemical element crucial for plant development and employed in various industrial uses, such as glassmaking and chip manufacturing. It exhibits special chemical properties that cause it beneficial in manufacturing durable, heat-resistant materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A photovoltaic mounting system securely supports photovoltaic modules, ensuring perfect tilt and orientation for best sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand external conditions while providing a solid and resilient foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A sun-powered power plant captures sunlight using vast collections of photovoltaic panels to produce renewable electricity. It supplies an environmentally friendly energy source, cutting down reliance on fossil fuels and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the integrated method of utilizing land for both solar energy output and cultivation, maximizing space and resources. This strategy improves crop production while concurrently creating renewable energy, encouraging sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial solar panels are photovoltaic devices designed to harvest sunlight using both surfaces, boosting overall energy output. They are commonly positioned in a way that improves effectiveness by taking advantage of albedo reflection and reflected rays from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A solar canopy is a framework that provides cover while producing electricity through integrated solar panels. It is commonly installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to blend environmental benefits with functional design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar panel system is a group of several solar modules arranged to generate electricity from sunlight. It is commonly used in renewable energy systems to deliver environmentally friendly, eco-friendly power for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A patio cover is a structure that offers shade and shelter from the conditions for outdoor living spaces. It improves the functionality and look of a terrace, making it a pleasant space for leisure and gatherings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The zenith angle is the angle between the vertical direction directly overhead and the line of sight to a astronomical body. It is used in astronomy and meteorology to represent the position of objects in the sky relative to an observer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The horizontal bearing is a horizontal angle measured clockwise a reference direction, usually true north, to the line linking an observer to a destination. It is often used in wayfinding, mapping, and celestial observation to define the orientation of an object in relation to the viewer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Installing solar panels exposes workers to risks such as height falls and electric shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to severe weather and potential muscle strains pose significant workplace risks in solar panel setup. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | Cadmium telluride is a semiconductor material extensively utilized in thin-film solar panels due to its superior efficiency and cost efficiency. It demonstrates outstanding optical features, making it a popular option for solar applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | A directory of photovoltaics companies showcases the leading manufacturers and suppliers focused on solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions globally. These companies are essential in promoting solar energy implementation and innovation across different markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A gigawatt is a quantity of electricity equal to a billion watts, used to measure big energy output and usage. It is typically associated with generating stations, national grids, and major energy projects worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | First Solar Inc is a international leader in solar PV energy solutions, specializing in making thin film-based solar modules that offer excellent efficiency and low-cost power output. The company is committed to eco-friendly energy development and decreasing the world dependency on fossil fuels through innovative solar technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology expertise in seamlessly connecting various parts of manufacturing and automated systems to boost efficiency and reliability. It focuses on developing cutting-edge solutions that facilitate smooth communication and interoperability among different technological platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic is a leading Chinese-based firm focused on the manufacturing and development of photovoltaic photovoltaic products and solutions. It is known for its advanced technology and sustainable energy initiatives within renewable energy sector. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a measurement of energy equal to one billion W, often used to represent the capacity of massively scaled electricity generation or usage. It highlights the huge energy extent involved in current power infrastructure and tech. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Learning curve effects refer to the effect where the unit cost decreases as overall production increases, due to learning curve and efficiencies gained over time. This concept highlights the value of learned skills in lowering costs and improving productivity in manufacturing and other procedures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Photovoltaics transform sunlight directly into electricity using semiconductor materials, primarily silicon. This method is a environmentally friendly, sustainable energy source that assists lessen reliance on fossil fuels and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the price of generating solar or wind energy is equal to or lower than the price of purchasing power from the electric grid. Achieving Grid parity signifies that sustainable energy technologies are economically viable with traditional fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity serves as the main electrical power supplied to residences and businesses through a system of power lines, delivering a reliable source of energy for numerous appliances. It typically operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, according to the country, and is delivered through alternating current (AC). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) includes all parts of a solar power system except the photovoltaic panels, comprising inverters, racking, wiring, and supplementary electrical hardware. It is essential for securing the effective and reliable operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | Sunlight is captured from the solar radiation using photovoltaic panels to produce electricity or through thermal solar systems to produce heat. It represents a green, renewable, and planet-friendly source of power that limits the use of fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are commonly employed in domestic, business, and factory sites to create green, renewable electricity from sunlight. They also supply remote and off-grid locations, providing renewable energy solutions where conventional power grids are not accessible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A catalog of sun-powered goods features a selection of devices that utilize sunlight to produce energy, promoting environmentally friendly and renewable living. These items include covering solar power banks and lights to household devices and outdoor gear, offering versatile alternatives for power needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | An solar power plant is a installation that converts sunlight immediately into electricity using photovoltaic panels. It is a green energy source that helps reduce reliance on fossil fuels and limits greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems merge solar panels with other energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to deliver a reliable and efficient power supply. They enhance energy use by balancing renewable resources and backup options, decreasing reliance on fossil fuels and cutting overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | CPV employ optical lenses and mirrors to focus solar radiation onto advanced photovoltaic cells, considerably increasing power output using less space. This approach works well where bright, direct sunlight and provides a promising approach to lowering the cost of. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
